Longevity Pathways
mTOR, AMPK, SIRT, and autophagy.
Ranked by evidence strength across reported benefits.
Melatonin
Pineal hormone that signals biological night — most effective for circadian-rhythm shifts.
Coffee
Caffeine + polyphenol matrix with strong evidence for mortality and T2D reduction.
N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC)
Glutathione precursor with mucolytic, hepatoprotective, and psychiatric uses.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
NAD+ precursor; nicotinic acid form lowers LDL and raises HDL.
Vitamin C
Water-soluble antioxidant, collagen cofactor, and immune supporter.
Milk Thistle
Hepatoprotective herb with antioxidant and anti-fibrotic effects.
Garlic
Culinary bulb with cardiovascular benefits primarily via allicin and aged-garlic compounds.
Glycine
Inhibitory amino acid that improves sleep quality, glycemic control, and collagen synthesis.
Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)
NAD+ precursor with bioavailability and longevity research interest.
NMN
NAD+ precursor similar to NR; bioavailability route debated.
Rapamycin (Rx, reference)
mTOR inhibitor — most validated geroprotector in animal models; not a supplement.
Metformin (Rx, reference)
Diabetes drug studied for longevity (TAME trial) via AMPK activation.
Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)
NAD+ precursor that bypasses the flush — studied for cellular aging.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Mitochondrial antioxidant studied for diabetic neuropathy and insulin sensitivity.
Idebenone
Synthetic CoQ10 analog with better water solubility; used in LHON.
Selenium-Enriched Yeast
Yeast-bound selenomethionine — form used in major chemoprevention trials.
ALA (R-isomer)
Natural enantiomer of α-lipoic acid with better bioavailability.
Vitamin K2 (MK-7)
Activates the proteins that direct calcium into bone — not arteries.
Coenzyme Q10
Mitochondrial electron carrier and lipid-soluble antioxidant.
Glycine
Inhibitory neurotransmitter that improves sleep quality and supports collagen synthesis.
Vitamin E
Primary lipid-phase antioxidant protecting membrane PUFAs.
Pomegranate
Polyphenol-rich fruit converted by gut microbes to urolithin A (mitochondrial benefit).
Green Tea (EGCG)
Polyphenol-rich tea; EGCG modestly boosts metabolism and supports cardiovascular health.
DHEA
Adrenal androgen precursor declining with age; used for adrenal insufficiency and aging.
Astaxanthin
Algal carotenoid that is the strongest membrane antioxidant; UV and eye protection.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)
Universal antioxidant that's both water and fat soluble — supports glycemic control and nerve health.
Ubiquinol (CoQ10)
Reduced active form of CoQ10 — preferred in adults over 40 and those with statin-induced depletion.
Vitamin K2 (MK-7)
Long-half-life K2 — directs calcium to bone and away from arteries.
Astaxanthin (Eye dose)
Carotenoid that crosses BBB and accumulates in ciliary body.
Taurine
Conditionally essential amino acid involved in bile salt conjugation, osmoregulation, and cardiac function.
Glutathione
Master intracellular antioxidant; oral bioavailability depends on form.
TUDCA
Bile acid with hepatoprotective effects and ER stress reduction.
Ginkgo Biloba
Vasoactive herb studied for cognition in the elderly and tinnitus.
Shilajit
Himalayan mineral exudate rich in fulvic acid, studied for testosterone and fatigue.
Reishi
Adaptogenic mushroom used for immune balance, sleep, and stress.
Quercetin
Flavonoid with antihistamine and senolytic effects; pairs with bromelain or vitamin C.
TUDCA (Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid)
Conjugated bile acid — hepatoprotective and ER-stress-reducing.
Resveratrol
Polyphenol from grapes — sirtuin activator with mixed human evidence.
Taurine
Conditionally essential amino acid with cardiovascular, metabolic, and longevity effects.
Fisetin
Flavonoid senolytic — clears senescent cells in animal models.
Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprout)
Most potent natural Nrf2 activator — upregulates phase II detox enzymes.
Calcium AKG (Alpha-Ketoglutarate)
TCA-cycle intermediate — extended lifespan in C. elegans; emerging human data on biological age.
Magnesium L-Threonate
Magnesium bound to L-threonic acid — the only form shown to meaningfully raise brain magnesium.
NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)
Direct NAD+ precursor — popular longevity supplement with growing human data.
Taurine (High-Dose)
Conditionally essential amino acid with longevity and metabolic effects.
Selenium
Trace mineral essential for glutathione peroxidase and thyroid hormone activation.
Krill Oil
Phospholipid-bound omega-3 with astaxanthin; better bioavailability than fish oil per gram.
Resveratrol
Polyphenol activating sirtuins; bioavailability and clinical effects modest.
Urolithin A
Gut-microbial metabolite of ellagitannins — induces mitophagy.
L-Carnosine
Histidine dipeptide — anti-glycation and pH buffering.
GlyNAC (Glycine + NAC)
Glycine + NAC combo — restores glutathione in older adults and improves multiple aging markers.
Curcumin Phytosome (Meriva)
Phosphatidylcholine-complexed curcumin — ~29× higher bioavailability than standard extract.
Selenomethionine
Organic selenium form — preferred for thyroid (Hashimoto's) and antioxidant support.
Pterostilbene (Extra)
Methylated resveratrol analog with superior bioavailability.
Tocotrienols (Skin/Aging)
Vitamin E isoforms with 40–60× higher antioxidant power than tocopherols.
Trans-Resveratrol (Pure)
Purified active isomer of resveratrol.
Spermidine (Wheat Germ)
Polyamine that induces autophagy and may extend lifespan.
Urolithin A (Mitopure)
Gut-derived ellagitannin metabolite that induces mitophagy.
Mixed Tocopherols
Full-spectrum natural vitamin E avoiding α-only supplementation pitfalls.
Epitalon
Tetrapeptide that activates telomerase.
MOTS-c
Mitochondrial-derived peptide for metabolic regulation.
SS-31 (Elamipretide)
Mitochondrial-targeted peptide for cardiolipin protection.
Glycine + NAC (GlyNAC)
Glutathione-boosting combination for aging.
Rapamycin
mTOR inhibitor studied for longevity (Rx only).
Metformin (Longevity Use)
Biguanide diabetes drug studied for healthspan.
MitoQ
Mitochondria-targeted ubiquinone (CoQ10 analog).
PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)
Redox cofactor for mitochondrial biogenesis.
C60 in Olive Oil
Buckminsterfullerene antioxidant.
Ergothioneine (Mushroom-Derived)
Natural ergothioneine from oyster mushrooms.
Hydroxytyrosol
Olive polyphenol for cardiovascular health.
Selenium (Selenomethionine)
Antioxidant trace element for thyroid.
Trans-Resveratrol
Active form of resveratrol.
Micronized Resveratrol
Improved bioavailability resveratrol.
Punicalagin
Major pomegranate ellagitannin.
Ellagic Acid
Ellagitannin hydrolysis product.
Honokiol
Active magnolia compound.
Oleocanthal
EVOO ibuprofen-like compound.
Lion's Mane
Edible medicinal mushroom that upregulates NGF and BDNF — studied for nerve growth and cognition.
Fisetin
Flavonoid studied as senolytic — clearing senescent cells in animal models.
Quercetin
Flavonoid with antihistamine, anti-viral, and senolytic activity.
Tocotrienols (Vitamin E)
Unsaturated vitamin E family — superior antioxidant capacity vs alpha-tocopherol.
Lithium Orotate (low-dose)
Low-dose lithium salt studied for mood stability and neuroprotection.
Chaga
Birch-tree mushroom rich in melanin, betulin, and antioxidants.
PQQ
Cofactor stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α).
Pterostilbene
Bioavailable resveratrol analog with longer half-life.
Spermidine
Polyamine inducing autophagy; epidemiologic association with longevity.
ALCAR + ALA (Mitochondrial Protection)
Mitochondrial antioxidant stack — popularized as harm-reduction adjunct for MDMA neuroprotection.
EGCG (Green Tea Catechin)
Potent CYP/COMT-modulating antioxidant — popularized in MDMA harm-reduction stacks.
Pterostilbene
Methylated analog of resveratrol — better bioavailability and longer half-life.
Spermidine
Polyamine that induces autophagy — emerging longevity supplement.
Ergothioneine
Unique antioxidant from mushrooms with its own transporter — accumulates in oxidative-stress tissues.
Liposomal Glutathione
Phospholipid-encapsulated GSH — protects from gut breakdown for systemic delivery.
S-Acetyl Glutathione
Acetylated GSH — stable through the gut and converted intracellularly to glutathione.
9-Me-BC
β-carboline alkaloid that upregulates dopamine neurons in animal models.
Centrophenoxine
Cholinergic precursor that reduces lipofuscin accumulation in neurons.
Thymulin (Reference)
Zinc-dependent thymic peptide that matures T-cells.
Alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG)
TCA-cycle intermediate studied for healthspan and frailty.
Fisetin (Senolytic)
Polyphenol senolytic with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.
Quercetin + Dasatinib (D+Q)
Reference senolytic combination cycled to clear senescent cells.
L-Carnosine
Dipeptide that buffers protons and reduces advanced glycation end-products.
Ergothioneine (Extra)
Unique thiol antioxidant concentrated in mitochondria via OCTN1.