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evidence · mechanism · dose
Supplements/Compound

PQQ

aka Pyrroloquinoline quinone

Cofactor stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α).

Energy ProductionHealthy AgingBrain & Cognitive

Overview

Cofactor stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α).

Natural sources
  • Trace in fermented foods, kiwi
Common forms
  • PQQ disodium salt

Mechanism of action

Upregulates PGC-1α, NRF1/2, and TFAM — mitochondrial biogenesis transcription factors.

Pathways
  • · Mitochondrial biogenesis

Effects on the body

Supports
Mitochondrial biogenesis

Organ system effects

Evidence-based benefits

Improves fatigue and mitochondrial markers

Limited evidence

Potential side effects

Common
    Rare
      Serious

        Drug interactions

        No notable interactions reported.

        Supplement interactions

        Pairs well with
        • CoQ10
          Mitochondrial output synergy.
        Avoid combining with

        No specific avoidances listed.

        Dosing & bioavailability

        Typical dose
        10–20 mg/d

        Where to buy

        Affiliate-style search links to reputable retailers. We don't endorse specific brands — verify third-party testing (USP, NSF, Informed Sport) before purchase.

        Compound
        PQQ
        Amazon
        Wide selection · fast shipping
        Compound
        PQQ
        iHerb
        Global delivery · curated brands
        Compound
        PQQ
        Thorne
        Practitioner-grade · NSF tested

        Scientific evidence (8)

        RCTFunct Foods Health Dis · 2012

        PQQ on cognitive function and oxidative stress

        Nakano M, et al.

        12-week RCT of PQQ 20 mg/d.

        Key findings

        Improved cognitive scores and reduced oxidative markers.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

        PubMed: PQQ — Improves fatigue and mitochondrial markers

        Live PubMed search

        Live results for "PQQ Improves fatigue and mitochondrial markers" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

        Key findings

        Opens current human and preclinical literature matching PQQ and "Improves fatigue and mitochondrial markers". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

        PubMed: PQQ — randomized controlled trial

        Live PubMed search

        Live results for "PQQ randomized controlled trial" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

        Key findings

        Opens current human and preclinical literature matching PQQ and "randomized controlled trial". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

        PubMed: PQQ — meta-analysis

        Live PubMed search

        Live results for "PQQ meta-analysis" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

        Key findings

        Opens current human and preclinical literature matching PQQ and "meta-analysis". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

        PubMed: PQQ — pharmacokinetics

        Live PubMed search

        Live results for "PQQ pharmacokinetics" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

        Key findings

        Opens current human and preclinical literature matching PQQ and "pharmacokinetics". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

        PubMed: PQQ — safety adverse events

        Live PubMed search

        Live results for "PQQ safety adverse events" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

        Key findings

        Opens current human and preclinical literature matching PQQ and "safety adverse events". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

        PubMed: PQQ — dose response

        Live PubMed search

        Live results for "PQQ dose response" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

        Key findings

        Opens current human and preclinical literature matching PQQ and "dose response". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewGoogle Scholar · 1970

        Google Scholar: PQQ — clinical evidence

        Live Scholar search

        Cross-database citation index for PQQ as it relates to "clinical evidence".

        Key findings

        Includes preprints, theses, and journal articles. Useful for tracking citation counts and follow-on work.

        Open study
        Educational use only. This profile is not medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting any supplement, especially if you take prescription medication or have a chronic condition.