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evidence · mechanism · dose
Supplements/Compound

P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange)

aka Citrus aurantium

Bitter orange alkaloid used as ephedrine-replacement fat burner.

Energy Production

Overview

Bitter orange alkaloid used as ephedrine-replacement fat burner.

Natural sources
    Common forms

      Mechanism of action

      β3-adrenergic agonist; mild thermogenic.

      Pathways

        Effects on the body

        Organ system effects

        Evidence-based benefits

        Increases resting metabolic rate ~3%

        Moderate evidence

        Potential side effects

        Common
        • · Jitter
        • · Increased HR
        Rare
        • · Arrhythmia
        Serious
        • · Avoid with cardiovascular disease

        Drug interactions

        MAOIs / SSRIs
        Hypertensive crisis risk.
        severe

        Supplement interactions

        Pairs well with

        None listed.

        Avoid combining with

        No specific avoidances listed.

        Dosing & bioavailability

        Typical dose
        20–50 mg
        With food?
        Pre-workout

        Where to buy

        Affiliate-style search links to reputable retailers. We don't endorse specific brands — verify third-party testing (USP, NSF, Informed Sport) before purchase.

        Compound
        P-Synephrine…
        Amazon
        Wide selection · fast shipping
        Compound
        P-Synephrine…
        iHerb
        Global delivery · curated brands
        Compound
        P-Synephrine…
        Thorne
        Practitioner-grade · NSF tested

        Scientific evidence (8)

        RCTInt J Med Sci · 2011

        p-Synephrine on metabolic rate

        Stohs SJ, et al.

        Crossover study in 50 adults.

        Key findings

        50 mg p-synephrine raised resting metabolic rate by 65 kcal.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

        PubMed: P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) — Increases resting metabolic rate ~3%

        Live PubMed search

        Live results for "P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) Increases resting metabolic rate ~3%" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

        Key findings

        Opens current human and preclinical literature matching P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) and "Increases resting metabolic rate ~3%". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

        PubMed: P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) — randomized controlled trial

        Live PubMed search

        Live results for "P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) randomized controlled trial" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

        Key findings

        Opens current human and preclinical literature matching P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) and "randomized controlled trial". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

        PubMed: P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) — meta-analysis

        Live PubMed search

        Live results for "P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) meta-analysis" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

        Key findings

        Opens current human and preclinical literature matching P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) and "meta-analysis". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

        PubMed: P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) — pharmacokinetics

        Live PubMed search

        Live results for "P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) pharmacokinetics" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

        Key findings

        Opens current human and preclinical literature matching P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) and "pharmacokinetics". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

        PubMed: P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) — safety adverse events

        Live PubMed search

        Live results for "P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) safety adverse events" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

        Key findings

        Opens current human and preclinical literature matching P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) and "safety adverse events". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

        PubMed: P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) — dose response

        Live PubMed search

        Live results for "P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) dose response" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

        Key findings

        Opens current human and preclinical literature matching P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) and "dose response". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

        Open study
        Systematic reviewGoogle Scholar · 1970

        Google Scholar: P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) — clinical evidence

        Live Scholar search

        Cross-database citation index for P-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) as it relates to "clinical evidence".

        Key findings

        Includes preprints, theses, and journal articles. Useful for tracking citation counts and follow-on work.

        Open study
        Educational use only. This profile is not medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting any supplement, especially if you take prescription medication or have a chronic condition.