Overview
Trace mineral cofactor for ceruloplasmin and connective tissue crosslinking.
- Liver
- Oysters
- Cashews
- Cocoa
- Copper bisglycinate
- Sulfate
Mechanism of action
Cofactor for cytochrome c oxidase, lysyl oxidase, dopamine β-hydroxylase, Cu/Zn-SOD.
- · Oxidative phosphorylation
- · Collagen crosslinking
Effects on the body
Organ system effects
Required for catecholamine synthesis.
Evidence-based benefits
Prevents deficiency anemia & neuropathy
Strong evidencePotential side effects
- · Nausea
- · Wilson's disease accumulation
Drug interactions
Supplement interactions
- Collagen peptidesProvides amino acid substrate for connective tissue synthesis.
- Vitamin CRequired cofactor for collagen hydroxylation.
No specific avoidances listed.
Dosing & bioavailability
Where to buy
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Third-party testedIndependently verified Copper — look for USP, NSF, or Informed Sport seals on the label for purity and dose accuracy.Copper third party tested NSF
CapsulesPre-measured Copper capsules — easiest for travel and consistent daily dosing without scoops or scales.Copper capsules
PowderBulk unflavored Copper powder — best cost-per-gram and flexible dosing for stacking or mixing into drinks.Copper powder unflavored
Best sellersMost-purchased Copper products on Amazon — a quick way to see what's reviewed widely before you commit.Copper best sellerScientific evidence8Show studiesHide studies
Copper: pharmacology, clinical evidence, and safety — narrative review
Examine.com Research Team
Curated narrative review of human and preclinical evidence for Copper, including mechanism, typical dosing, and safety considerations.
Best-supported outcome: Prevents deficiency anemia & neuropathy (evidence: strong). Additional outcomes and limitations summarized in the full profile.
PubMed: Copper — Prevents deficiency anemia & neuropathy
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PubMed: Copper — randomized controlled trial
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PubMed: Copper — meta-analysis
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PubMed: Copper — pharmacokinetics
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PubMed: Copper — safety adverse events
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PubMed: Copper — dose response
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Google Scholar: Copper — clinical evidence
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Cross-database citation index for Copper as it relates to "clinical evidence".
Includes preprints, theses, and journal articles. Useful for tracking citation counts and follow-on work.