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evidence · mechanism · dose
Supplements/Compound

Propolis

Bee glue with caffeic acid phenethyl ester.

Immune Function

Overview

Bee glue with caffeic acid phenethyl ester.

Natural sources
    Common forms

      Mechanism of action

      CAPE inhibits NF-κB; antiviral.

      Pathways

        Effects on the body

        Organ system effects

        Evidence-based benefits

        Reduces cold sore healing time

        Moderate evidence

        Potential side effects

        Common
        • · Allergy
        Rare
          Serious

            Drug interactions

            No notable interactions reported.

            Safety & non-supplemental interactions

            Educational summary — always confirm with your clinician or pharmacist before starting, stopping, or combining with prescription therapy.

            Avoid with these conditions
            • ·Autoimmune disease (theoretical immune activation)
            Avoid / monitor with these medications
            • ·Immunosuppressants

            Supplement interactions

            Pairs well with

            None listed.

            Avoid combining with

            No specific avoidances listed.

            Dosing & bioavailability

            Typical dose
            500–1000 mg

            Where to buy

            Affiliate-style search links to reputable retailers. We don't endorse specific brands — verify third-party testing (USP, NSF, Informed Sport) before purchase.

            Compound
            Propolis
            Amazon
            Wide selection · fast shipping
            Compound
            Propolis
            iHerb
            Global delivery · curated brands
            Compound
            Propolis
            Thorne
            Practitioner-grade · NSF tested

            Scientific evidence (8)

            RCTPhytomedicine · 2000

            Propolis for cold sores

            Vynograd N, et al.

            90 patients

            Key findings

            Faster healing than acyclovir.

            Open study
            Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

            PubMed: Propolis — Reduces cold sore healing time

            Live PubMed search

            Live results for "Propolis Reduces cold sore healing time" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

            Key findings

            Opens current human and preclinical literature matching Propolis and "Reduces cold sore healing time". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

            Open study
            Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

            PubMed: Propolis — randomized controlled trial

            Live PubMed search

            Live results for "Propolis randomized controlled trial" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

            Key findings

            Opens current human and preclinical literature matching Propolis and "randomized controlled trial". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

            Open study
            Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

            PubMed: Propolis — meta-analysis

            Live PubMed search

            Live results for "Propolis meta-analysis" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

            Key findings

            Opens current human and preclinical literature matching Propolis and "meta-analysis". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

            Open study
            Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

            PubMed: Propolis — pharmacokinetics

            Live PubMed search

            Live results for "Propolis pharmacokinetics" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

            Key findings

            Opens current human and preclinical literature matching Propolis and "pharmacokinetics". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

            Open study
            Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

            PubMed: Propolis — safety adverse events

            Live PubMed search

            Live results for "Propolis safety adverse events" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

            Key findings

            Opens current human and preclinical literature matching Propolis and "safety adverse events". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

            Open study
            Systematic reviewPubMed (NLM) · 1970

            PubMed: Propolis — dose response

            Live PubMed search

            Live results for "Propolis dose response" across the PubMed/MEDLINE peer-reviewed index.

            Key findings

            Opens current human and preclinical literature matching Propolis and "dose response". Filter by RCT, meta-analysis, or year on the results page.

            Open study
            Systematic reviewGoogle Scholar · 1970

            Google Scholar: Propolis — clinical evidence

            Live Scholar search

            Cross-database citation index for Propolis as it relates to "clinical evidence".

            Key findings

            Includes preprints, theses, and journal articles. Useful for tracking citation counts and follow-on work.

            Open study
            Educational use only. This profile is not medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting any supplement, especially if you take prescription medication or have a chronic condition.